432 lines
18 KiB
OpenSCAD
432 lines
18 KiB
OpenSCAD
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/*
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* ISO-standard metric threads, following this specification:
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread
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*
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* Copyright 2022 Dan Kirshner - dan_kirshner@yahoo.com
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* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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* (at your option) any later version.
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*
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* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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* GNU General Public License for more details.
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*
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* See <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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*
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* Version 2.7. 2022-02-27 Increase minimum thread segments.
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* Version 2.6. 2021-05-16 Contributed patches for leadin (thanks,
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jeffery.spirko@tamucc.edu) and aligning thread
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"facets" (triangulation) with base cylinder
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(thanks, rambetter@protonmail.com).
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* Version 2.5. 2020-04-11 Leadin option works for internal threads.
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* Version 2.4. 2019-07-14 Add test option - do not render threads.
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* Version 2.3. 2017-08-31 Default for leadin: 0 (best for internal threads).
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* Version 2.2. 2017-01-01 Correction for angle; leadfac option. (Thanks to
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* Andrew Allen <a2intl@gmail.com>.)
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* Version 2.1. 2016-12-04 Chamfer bottom end (low-z); leadin option.
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* Version 2.0. 2016-11-05 Backwards compatibility (earlier OpenSCAD) fixes.
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* Version 1.9. 2016-07-03 Option: tapered.
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* Version 1.8. 2016-01-08 Option: (non-standard) angle.
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* Version 1.7. 2015-11-28 Larger x-increment - for small-diameters.
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* Version 1.6. 2015-09-01 Options: square threads, rectangular threads.
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* Version 1.5. 2015-06-12 Options: thread_size, groove.
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* Version 1.4. 2014-10-17 Use "faces" instead of "triangles" for polyhedron
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* Version 1.3. 2013-12-01 Correct loop over turns -- don't have early cut-off
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* Version 1.2. 2012-09-09 Use discrete polyhedra rather than linear_extrude ()
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* Version 1.1. 2012-09-07 Corrected to right-hand threads!
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*/
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// Examples.
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//
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// Standard M8 x 1.
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// metric_thread (diameter=8, pitch=1, length=4);
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// Square thread.
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// metric_thread (diameter=8, pitch=1, length=4, square=true);
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// Non-standard: long pitch, same thread size.
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//metric_thread (diameter=8, pitch=4, length=4, thread_size=1, groove=true);
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// Non-standard: 20 mm diameter, long pitch, square "trough" width 3 mm,
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// depth 1 mm.
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//metric_thread (diameter=20, pitch=8, length=16, square=true, thread_size=6,
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// groove=true, rectangle=0.333);
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// English: 1/4 x 20.
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//english_thread (diameter=1/4, threads_per_inch=20, length=1);
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// Tapered. Example -- pipe size 3/4" -- per:
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// http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/npt-national-pipe-taper-threads-d_750.html
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// english_thread (diameter=1.05, threads_per_inch=14, length=3/4, taper=1/16);
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// Thread for mounting on Rohloff hub.
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//difference () {
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// cylinder (r=20, h=10, $fn=100);
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//
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// metric_thread (diameter=34, pitch=1, length=10, internal=true, n_starts=6);
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//}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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function segments (diameter) = min (150, max (ceil (diameter*6), 25));
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// diameter - outside diameter of threads in mm. Default: 8.
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// pitch - thread axial "travel" per turn in mm. Default: 1.
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// length - overall axial length of thread in mm. Default: 1.
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// internal - true = clearances for internal thread (e.g., a nut).
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// false = clearances for external thread (e.g., a bolt).
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// (Internal threads should be "cut out" from a solid using
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// difference ()). Default: false.
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// n_starts - Number of thread starts (e.g., DNA, a "double helix," has
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// n_starts=2). See wikipedia Screw_thread. Default: 1.
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// thread_size - (non-standard) axial width of a single thread "V" - independent
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// of pitch. Default: same as pitch.
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// groove - (non-standard) true = subtract inverted "V" from cylinder
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// (rather thanadd protruding "V" to cylinder). Default: false.
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// square - true = square threads (per
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// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_thread_form). Default:
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// false.
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// rectangle - (non-standard) "Rectangular" thread - ratio depth/(axial) width
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// Default: 0 (standard "v" thread).
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// angle - (non-standard) angle (deg) of thread side from perpendicular to
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// axis (default = standard = 30 degrees).
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// taper - diameter change per length (National Pipe Thread/ANSI B1.20.1
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// is 1" diameter per 16" length). Taper decreases from 'diameter'
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// as z increases. Default: 0 (no taper).
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// leadin - 0 (default): no chamfer; 1: chamfer (45 degree) at max-z end;
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// 2: chamfer at both ends, 3: chamfer at z=0 end.
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// leadfac - scale of leadin chamfer length (default: 1.0 = 1/2 thread).
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// test - true = do not render threads (just draw "blank" cylinder).
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// Default: false (draw threads).
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module metric_thread (diameter=8, pitch=1, length=1, internal=false, n_starts=1,
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thread_size=-1, groove=false, square=false, rectangle=0,
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angle=30, taper=0, leadin=0, leadfac=1.0, test=false)
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{
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// thread_size: size of thread "V" different than travel per turn (pitch).
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// Default: same as pitch.
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local_thread_size = thread_size == -1 ? pitch : thread_size;
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local_rectangle = rectangle ? rectangle : 1;
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n_segments = segments (diameter);
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h = (test && ! internal) ? 0 : (square || rectangle) ? local_thread_size*local_rectangle/2 : local_thread_size / (2 * tan(angle));
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h_fac1 = (square || rectangle) ? 0.90 : 0.625;
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// External thread includes additional relief.
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h_fac2 = (square || rectangle) ? 0.95 : 5.3/8;
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tapered_diameter = diameter - length*taper;
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difference () {
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union () {
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if (! groove) {
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if (! test) {
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metric_thread_turns (diameter, pitch, length, internal, n_starts,
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local_thread_size, groove, square, rectangle, angle,
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taper);
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}
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}
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difference () {
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// Solid center, including Dmin truncation.
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if (groove) {
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cylinder (r1=diameter/2, r2=tapered_diameter/2,
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h=length, $fn=n_segments);
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} else if (internal) {
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cylinder (r1=diameter/2 - h*h_fac1, r2=tapered_diameter/2 - h*h_fac1,
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h=length, $fn=n_segments);
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} else {
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// External thread.
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cylinder (r1=diameter/2 - h*h_fac2, r2=tapered_diameter/2 - h*h_fac2,
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h=length, $fn=n_segments);
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}
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if (groove) {
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if (! test) {
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metric_thread_turns (diameter, pitch, length, internal, n_starts,
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local_thread_size, groove, square, rectangle,
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angle, taper);
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}
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}
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}
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// Internal thread lead-in: take away from external solid.
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if (internal) {
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// "Negative chamfer" z=0 end if leadin is 2 or 3.
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if (leadin == 2 || leadin == 3) {
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// Fixes by jeffery.spirko@tamucc.edu.
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cylinder (r1=diameter/2 - h + h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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r2=diameter/2 - h,
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h=h*h_fac1*leadfac, $fn=n_segments);
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/*
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cylinder (r1=diameter/2,
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r2=diameter/2 - h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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h=h*h_fac1*leadfac, $fn=n_segments);
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*/
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}
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// "Negative chamfer" z-max end if leadin is 1 or 2.
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if (leadin == 1 || leadin == 2) {
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translate ([0, 0, length + 0.05 - h*h_fac1*leadfac]) {
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cylinder (r1=tapered_diameter/2 - h,
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h=h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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r2=tapered_diameter/2 - h + h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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$fn=n_segments);
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/*
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cylinder (r1=tapered_diameter/2 - h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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h=h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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r2=tapered_diameter/2,
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$fn=n_segments);
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*/
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}
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}
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}
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}
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if (! internal) {
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// Chamfer z=0 end if leadin is 2 or 3.
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if (leadin == 2 || leadin == 3) {
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difference () {
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cylinder (r=diameter/2 + 1, h=h*h_fac1*leadfac, $fn=n_segments);
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cylinder (r2=diameter/2, r1=diameter/2 - h*h_fac1*leadfac, h=h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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$fn=n_segments);
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}
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}
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// Chamfer z-max end if leadin is 1 or 2.
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if (leadin == 1 || leadin == 2) {
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translate ([0, 0, length + 0.05 - h*h_fac1*leadfac]) {
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difference () {
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cylinder (r=diameter/2 + 1, h=h*h_fac1*leadfac, $fn=n_segments);
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cylinder (r1=tapered_diameter/2, r2=tapered_diameter/2 - h*h_fac1*leadfac, h=h*h_fac1*leadfac,
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$fn=n_segments);
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Input units in inches.
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// Note: units of measure in drawing are mm!
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module english_thread (diameter=0.25, threads_per_inch=20, length=1,
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internal=false, n_starts=1, thread_size=-1, groove=false,
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square=false, rectangle=0, angle=30, taper=0, leadin=0,
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leadfac=1.0, test=false)
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{
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// Convert to mm.
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mm_diameter = diameter*25.4;
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mm_pitch = (1.0/threads_per_inch)*25.4;
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mm_length = length*25.4;
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echo (str ("mm_diameter: ", mm_diameter));
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echo (str ("mm_pitch: ", mm_pitch));
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echo (str ("mm_length: ", mm_length));
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metric_thread (mm_diameter, mm_pitch, mm_length, internal, n_starts,
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thread_size, groove, square, rectangle, angle, taper, leadin,
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leadfac, test);
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}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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module metric_thread_turns (diameter, pitch, length, internal, n_starts,
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thread_size, groove, square, rectangle, angle,
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taper)
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{
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// Number of turns needed.
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n_turns = floor (length/pitch);
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intersection () {
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// Start one below z = 0. Gives an extra turn at each end.
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for (i=[-1*n_starts : n_turns+1]) {
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translate ([0, 0, i*pitch]) {
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metric_thread_turn (diameter, pitch, internal, n_starts,
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thread_size, groove, square, rectangle, angle,
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taper, i*pitch);
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}
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}
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// Cut to length.
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translate ([0, 0, length/2]) {
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cube ([diameter*3, diameter*3, length], center=true);
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}
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}
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}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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module metric_thread_turn (diameter, pitch, internal, n_starts, thread_size,
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groove, square, rectangle, angle, taper, z)
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{
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n_segments = segments (diameter);
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fraction_circle = 1.0/n_segments;
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for (i=[0 : n_segments-1]) {
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// Keep polyhedron "facets" aligned -- circumferentially -- with base
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// cylinder facets. (Patch contributed by rambetter@protonmail.com.)
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rotate ([0, 0, (i + 0.5)*360*fraction_circle + 90]) {
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translate ([0, 0, i*n_starts*pitch*fraction_circle]) {
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//current_diameter = diameter - taper*(z + i*n_starts*pitch*fraction_circle);
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thread_polyhedron ((diameter - taper*(z + i*n_starts*pitch*fraction_circle))/2,
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pitch, internal, n_starts, thread_size, groove,
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square, rectangle, angle);
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}
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}
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}
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}
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// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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module thread_polyhedron (radius, pitch, internal, n_starts, thread_size,
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groove, square, rectangle, angle)
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{
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n_segments = segments (radius*2);
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fraction_circle = 1.0/n_segments;
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local_rectangle = rectangle ? rectangle : 1;
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h = (square || rectangle) ? thread_size*local_rectangle/2 : thread_size / (2 * tan(angle));
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outer_r = radius + (internal ? h/20 : 0); // Adds internal relief.
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//echo (str ("outer_r: ", outer_r));
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// A little extra on square thread -- make sure overlaps cylinder.
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h_fac1 = (square || rectangle) ? 1.1 : 0.875;
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inner_r = radius - h*h_fac1; // Does NOT do Dmin_truncation - do later with
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// cylinder.
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translate_y = groove ? outer_r + inner_r : 0;
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reflect_x = groove ? 1 : 0;
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// Make these just slightly bigger (keep in proportion) so polyhedra will
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// overlap.
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x_incr_outer = (! groove ? outer_r : inner_r) * fraction_circle * 2 * PI * 1.02;
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x_incr_inner = (! groove ? inner_r : outer_r) * fraction_circle * 2 * PI * 1.02;
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z_incr = n_starts * pitch * fraction_circle * 1.005;
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/*
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(angles x0 and x3 inner are actually 60 deg)
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/\ (x2_inner, z2_inner) [2]
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/ \
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(x3_inner, z3_inner) / \
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[3] \ \
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|\ \ (x2_outer, z2_outer) [6]
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| \ /
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| \ /|
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z |[7]\/ / (x1_outer, z1_outer) [5]
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| | | /
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| x | |/
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| / | / (x0_outer, z0_outer) [4]
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| / | / (behind: (x1_inner, z1_inner) [1]
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|/ | /
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y________| |/
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(r) / (x0_inner, z0_inner) [0]
|
||
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||
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*/
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||
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x1_outer = outer_r * fraction_circle * 2 * PI;
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z0_outer = (outer_r - inner_r) * tan(angle);
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//echo (str ("z0_outer: ", z0_outer));
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||
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//polygon ([[inner_r, 0], [outer_r, z0_outer],
|
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|
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// [outer_r, 0.5*pitch], [inner_r, 0.5*pitch]]);
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z1_outer = z0_outer + z_incr;
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||
|
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||
|
|
// Give internal square threads some clearance in the z direction, too.
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|
bottom = internal ? 0.235 : 0.25;
|
||
|
|
top = internal ? 0.765 : 0.75;
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
translate ([0, translate_y, 0]) {
|
||
|
|
mirror ([reflect_x, 0, 0]) {
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if (square || rectangle) {
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
// Rule for face ordering: look at polyhedron from outside: points must
|
||
|
|
// be in clockwise order.
|
||
|
|
polyhedron (
|
||
|
|
points = [
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, bottom*thread_size], // [0]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, bottom*thread_size + z_incr], // [1]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, top*thread_size + z_incr], // [2]
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, top*thread_size], // [3]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, bottom*thread_size], // [4]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, bottom*thread_size + z_incr], // [5]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, top*thread_size + z_incr], // [6]
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, top*thread_size] // [7]
|
||
|
|
],
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
faces = [
|
||
|
|
[0, 3, 7, 4], // This-side trapezoid
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[1, 5, 6, 2], // Back-side trapezoid
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[0, 1, 2, 3], // Inner rectangle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[4, 7, 6, 5], // Outer rectangle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
// These are not planar, so do with separate triangles.
|
||
|
|
[7, 2, 6], // Upper rectangle, bottom
|
||
|
|
[7, 3, 2], // Upper rectangle, top
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[0, 5, 1], // Lower rectangle, bottom
|
||
|
|
[0, 4, 5] // Lower rectangle, top
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
);
|
||
|
|
} else {
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
// Rule for face ordering: look at polyhedron from outside: points must
|
||
|
|
// be in clockwise order.
|
||
|
|
polyhedron (
|
||
|
|
points = [
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, 0], // [0]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, z_incr], // [1]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, thread_size + z_incr], // [2]
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_inner/2, -inner_r, thread_size], // [3]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, z0_outer], // [4]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, z0_outer + z_incr], // [5]
|
||
|
|
[x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, thread_size - z0_outer + z_incr], // [6]
|
||
|
|
[-x_incr_outer/2, -outer_r, thread_size - z0_outer] // [7]
|
||
|
|
],
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
faces = [
|
||
|
|
[0, 3, 7, 4], // This-side trapezoid
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[1, 5, 6, 2], // Back-side trapezoid
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[0, 1, 2, 3], // Inner rectangle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[4, 7, 6, 5], // Outer rectangle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
// These are not planar, so do with separate triangles.
|
||
|
|
[7, 2, 6], // Upper rectangle, bottom
|
||
|
|
[7, 3, 2], // Upper rectangle, top
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[0, 5, 1], // Lower rectangle, bottom
|
||
|
|
[0, 4, 5] // Lower rectangle, top
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|